HIGH DEFINITION (HD)

High definition HD is a level on screen that provides more fluid video and more vibrant colours which have number of pixels on the screen 720p and 1080p

The letter P indicate the progressive scan of the image that loaded in each time to produce real image with narrative looks 

The display of the image into the screen is more modified with the good looking more attractive as the real image of the object

HD is more significant view into the cinema’s where most of the 3D and 4D looks well and reflect the actual sense  

Digital camera high definition photo is a shooting mode found on some digital cameras that produces a 1920x1080 pixel high-definition (HD) quality photo that will perfectly fit a wide-screen HDTV (16:9) for full-screen viewing.

This digital camera have capability of capturing motion picture recording (videos) using the camera, rather than still pictures.

The resolution of the image leads to significance view of the wallpaper and video shown into the screen. 

High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, high definition disc digital cameras, internet downloads and the latest generation of video game consoles.

HD wallpaper will be designed into the number of pixel and show the actual area with colour of the allocated place with the required features such as in the forest shows the green and natural source in sea the designed structure appeared with hills and valley.

HD wallpaper can be designed with photographers and used of the LED to be displayed into the

Digital cameras that have the high definition photo feature also will offer an optional component cable that you can use to connect the digital camera directly to the HDTV.

Most computers are capable of HD or higher resolutions over VGA, DVI, and/or HDMI. Storing and playing HD movies requires a disc that holds more information, like a Blu-ray Disc which hold 25 GB in single layer form and 50 GB for double layer

A number of online video streaming/on demand and digital download services offer HD video, among them YouTube, Vimeo, Hulu, Amazon Video On Demand, Netflix Watch Instantly, and others.

 The growth of technology could lead to show life into real sense by vivid example and provider the proof that all made in the earth was technical created by God

FIBER OPTICS

Fiber-optic lines are strands of optically pure glass as thin as a human hair that carry digital information over long distances  sends information coded in a beam of light down a glass or plastic pipe
Fiber-optic cables carry information between two places using entirely optical (light-based) technology
A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to transmit data. A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves.

Fiber optics has several advantages over traditional metal

Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables. This means that they can carry more data.

Fiber optic cables are less susceptible than metal cables to interference.

Fiber optic cables are much thinner and lighter than metal wires. 

Data can be transmitted digitally (the natural form for computer data) rather than analogically.

Creating the optical signal involving the use of a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak, receiving the optical signal, and converting it into an electrical signal.

Total Internal Reflection

A ray of light, incident upon the interface between two transparent optical materials having different indices of refraction, will be totally internally reflected (rather than refracted)

 if

(1) the ray is incident upon the interface from the direction of the more dense material and

(2) the angle made by the ray with the normal to the interface is greater than some critical angle, the latter being dependent only on the indices of refraction of the media

Total internal reflection between two transparent optical media results in a loss of less than 0.001 percent per reflection;

The speed of light in matter is less than the speed of light in air, and the change in velocity that occurs when light passes from one medium to another results in refraction.

Single Fibers

Single fibers, the simplest form of fiber optics, can be used to conduct light and images to and from small regions.

Single fibers are readily available in diameters from about 0.020 to 2.0 millimeters,

Multifibers can be fused together to form image conduit, an actual image carrier. Resolution is limited by the size and packing density of the individual fibers as well as by the care exercised in packing the multifibers.

Image conduit has little or no flexibility but can be bent with heat to conform to almost any desired path. The bending radius for a half-inch-square conduit

Multi-mode Each optical fiber in a multi-mode cable is about 10 times bigger than one in a single-mode cable.

A number of fiber optic configurations for a new class of demand assignment multiple-access local area networks requiring a physical ordering among stations are proposed.

The configurations proposed for the data sub network are based on the linear, star, and tree topologies.

fiber optic connectors are plugs or so-called male connectors with a protruding ferrule that holds the fibers and aligns two fibers for mating adapter to mate the two connectors that fits the securing mechanism of the connectors

The nose piece is spring loaded and was pushed back when the connector was inserted into a mating adapter. The fiber stuck out into a drop of index matching fluid on a plastic lens

Features of good connector design

Low insertion loss, High return loss (low amounts of reflection at the interface), Ease of installation, Low cost, Reliability, Low environmental sensitivity, Ease of use

Fiber optic connectors must align microscopic glass fibers perfectly in order to allow for communication

SOLAR BICYCLE

SOLAR BICYCLE

Solar bicycle is the innovated technology that used solar panel as the power to allow it to travel in a different distance in such is designed for accumulates the sun with panel as the source of energy.
The capacitance of the panel depends on the design and area cover to travel and lead to facilitate transport in the area where transportation is difficult and it mounted with power wind generation such as 100w of wing can occupy 5w solar panel

 
Other design can be at 12v 500Ma (5w) solar panel with a 1 amp inline fuse connected was all that was needed to charge my bikes battery such as the machine will be operated maximum when it reach this quantity.

A silicone blocking diode connected to the positive terminal of the solar panel is necessary to stop reverse current from the battery.

Solar panel it consists of a rechargeable battery pack, which powers a lightweight motor unit over the front wheel. A battery through a controller box to limit the current to 1.5 amps and that takes 4.5 hours to fully charge from flat

The panels will generate approximately 30 percent less energy than those placed on roofs

The solar panel is a photovoltaic converter which works only in bright sunlight.

There are pivots to bring a pulley-mounted belt into contact with the tyre press a switch, and the belt drives the wheel.

Belt system is used when there is no longer need power assistance a flick of the handlebar switch takes the belt out of contact with the tyre.
The surface of the road has been treated with a special non-adhesive coating, and the road itself was built to sit at a slight tilt in an effort to keep dust and dirt from accumulating and obscuring the solar cells.

Solar panels on the wheel send power to a battery through induction, the same process used to charge an electric toothbrush the battery can fully charge in four to six hours. In bad weather, it might take twice as long.
Riding a bike creates 21 grams of carbon emissions per kilometer, while an ordinary electric bike creates only about 22 grams. This version would trim that down to almost nothing—coming close to the goal of a truly zero-emissions vehicle.
Riders can pedal without electric assistance using any combination (within reason) of the two inner chainrings and the rear cassette cogs, or they can activate the motor to turn the outer chainring, providing a boost to their pedaling.

The braking system stops motor as well as cycle simultaneously brake stops the cycle with conventional friction brake

The design involves the calculation of power required to run a bicycle at a known speed (say 10 km/h) and to develop a solar powered system to produce the required power

The speed controller mounted in the handle cuts off the power supply to the motor and stops it cycle was placed in sun light and was found that it requires 7.2 hours for fully charging the battery.

A cycle can run at an average speed of 15 kilometer per hour (without pedaling)with a maximum of 25 kilometer per hour with pedaling.

FREQUENCY MODULATION

FREQUENCY MODULATION

Frequency modulation is the transfer of information signals with the varies frequency carrier wave

Frequency modulation is a form of analog angle modulation in which the baseband information carrying signal, typically called the message or information signal m(t), varies the frequency of a carrier wave.

FM is considered an analog form of modulation because the baseband signal is typically an analog waveform without discrete, digital values

Frequency modulation is a method of impressing data onto an alternating-current (AC) wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. This scheme can be used with analog or digital data.

Frequency modulation uses the information signal, V_m(t) to vary the carrier frequency within some small range about its original value. Here are the three signals in mathematical form:

• Information: V_m(t)
• Carrier: V_c(t) = V_co sin ( 2 p f_c t + f )
• FM: V_FM (t) = V_co sin (2 p [f_c + (Df/V_mo) V_m (t) ] t + f) 
•  

Frequency Modulation (FM) is a form of modulation in which changes in the carrier wave frequency correspond directly to changes in the baseband signal

A spectrum represents the relative amounts of different frequency components in any signal.

The efficiency of a signal is the power in the side-bands as a fraction of the total. In FM signals, because of the considerable side-bands produced, the efficiency is generally high.

DIGITAL SIGNATURE

                                                               DIGITAL SIGNATURE
Digital signature is a mathematical technique used to validate the authenticity and integrity of a message, software or digital document in order to provide more security than their handwritten counterparts.

A digital signature is the electronic equivalent of a handwritten signature, verifying the authenticity of electronic documents offering far more inherent security a digital signature is intended to solve the problem of tampering and impersonation in digital communications.

Digital signature ensure integrity of documents, secure electronic tracking and storage, scale to accommodate high volumes of documents, enhance security and ensure compliance, reduce costs

Digital signatures can provide the added assurances of evidence to origin, identity and status of an electronic document, transaction or message, as well as acknowledging informed consent by the signer.

Digital signatures have the same legal significance as the more traditional forms of signed documents

By adopting digital signature processes, companies are able to reduce waiting time, save money, provide copies to all parties, create archives, increase security through digital encryption, and meet compliance requirements.

REMOTE SENSING

REMOTE SENSING

Remote sensing is the science of obtaining of an object or areas in the earth surface and in atmosphere and oceans by means of propagation of signals.

Remote sensing allows the communication with the satellites with other medium and transmits signals in a wide area without make physical contact with the object such as its wireless. The information can be accessed after being propagated (electromagnetic radiations).

Remote sensors collect data by detecting the energy that is reflected from Earth. These sensors can be on satellites or mounted on aircraft. Sensor are placed in such away can link one node to other simultaneously.
Remote sensors collect data in the form of images and provide specialized capabilities for manipulating, analyzing, and visualizing those images.

Remote sensors can be categorized into two parts

·         Passive Sensors

·         Active Sensors

PASSIVE SENSORS

Passive sensors are responsible to respond for external stimuli and record radiation that is reflected from earth’s surface. These are usually comes from sun and used to collect data during daylight hours.
Therefore passive sensors produce the natural radiation and that is emitted or reflected by the objects to the surrounding areas. Examples of passive sensors it include Radiometers, Infrared, photography and change-coupled device.